what causes melting in mantle to produce lava hawaii

This lesson was adapted and modified from Dr. Stephen Mattox'due south, "A Guide to The Geology of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park".

Do you remember that there are three ways that volcanoes can course? They course at subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges and at something chosen a hot spot. In this lesson you will learn about what causes hot spots to produce volcanoes.

What do yous observe virtually the lines of island groups in the Pacific Ocean?

A geologist in the 1960'south, past the name of Tuzo Wilson, noticed that there were straight lines of submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands in the Pacific.

These linear chains of volcanoes ran in parallel lines to each other. (Encounter white lines on the map)

The active volcanoes in these chains are all located in the southeast corner and are the last isle in that grouping.

The oldest islands were the northern most islands in the group. Coincidence???

What Tuzo Wilson decided was that the Pacific plate was moving over three hot spots. The Hawaii-Emperor Seamounts, Tuamotu, and the Austral groups of islands each formed over a dissimilar hot spot.

About 43 million years ago the Pacific plate shifted its path to a more northwesterly direction. All the island groups changed course at the same time!!

He also concluded that all the islands in the Emperor Seamount- Hawaiian chain all formed over the same hot spot that is currently under the large island of Hawaii today.

A hot spot occurs because of the intense oestrus of the outer cadre. This oestrus radiates through the mantle bringing hot solid rock upwards to the hot spot. These areas of rising solid rock are called mantle plumes. Because of lower pressure level in the upper region of the drapery the stone begins to melt. This forms magma which rises inch past inch until it reaches the surface forming a volcano.

In 1971 W. Jason Morgan added to the hot spot theory. When the rising solid rock (drapery plume) reaches the plates it splits and spreads horizontally. This split or flow causes the plates to drift.

Morgan proposed that in that location are 20 different hot spots in the earth. Most hot spots are located at mid-ocean ridges, but there are a few located in the heart of plates, like Hawaii and Yellowstone.

This is a map of the Hawaiian Islands today. They didn't ever await like this. iv.6 million years ago there was only one island in this group. As the Pacific plate moved slowly northwesterly it produced the Hawaiian Islands, one at a fourth dimension. Today the large island of Hawaii sits over the same hot spot that produced the other islands.

The first Hawaiian Island to form over the hot spot was Kauai. It began to interruption the surface of the Pacific Ocean about 4.vi million years agone.

Equally the Pacific plate moved westward another island formed. That island was Oahu. The capital and largest urban center of Hawaii, Honolulu, is located on this extinct volcanic island.

The islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui share the same volcanic base. They all formed from dissever volcanoes that were connected by huge lava flows. These volcanic islands also formed from the same hot spot.

Today the Big Island of Hawaii sits over the hot spot and has the only active volcanoes in that island group. Konala, Hualaiai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes have built the isle over the last 500,000 years. Mauna Loa volcano is the largest volcano on Globe. It is over 30,000 anxiety tall from the seafloor where information technology was built-in to the summit, which is 13,684 feet above ocean level.

This is a caldera.

A caldera is a big bowl-shaped crater that is formed by the collapse of a volcanic cone later on an eruption.

The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera.

The volcano commonly shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano.

When you shake a can of soda popular and so open it, you volition become a shower of gas (carbon Dioxide) and pop. Why? Because the force per unit area was much college in the can than outside of the tin can. When yous opened the top the pressure released very quickly shooting the gas and pop out.

After a huge ejection of lava there may exist no magma left in the chamber to make full the conduit and crater. When this happens in that location is a hollow space under the summit of the mount where the magma used to be. The top of the mount then collapses creating a caldera.

The caldera may fill with h2o creating a lake. This is what happened at Crater Lake in Oregon. The ancient volcano Mount Mazama erupted violently about 6,000 years agone creating a caldera. The caldera slowly filled with snowmelt and rain forming beautiful Crater Lake.

Some other caldera forms nearly of the first national park of the United States, Yellowtone. The geysers and hot springs that make the park famous the world over are all volcanic in origin. In other word the park sits on summit of an active volcano!!!!

This is a map of Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone sits atop a continental hot spot. As the North American plate moves steadily due west the hot spot affects unlike areas of the continent. Volcanic activity can be traced beyond the U.s. as the plate has moved across this hot spot.

This caldera is 1 of the largest calderas in the world. It is over 65 miles beyond!!

Millions of years ago the North American plate was hundreds of miles east of where it is today. As the plate moved westward information technology slowly moved over the hot spot that is now under Yellowstone. The hot spot has created volcanic features through the western portion of the U.s.a.. Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho was created by the aforementioned hot spot.

(Open prototype in another window to encounter blitheness)

This is exactly the same procedure that formed the Hawaiian Islands. The Northward American plate continues to move, which ways that millions of years from now the hot spot volition be under S Dakota or Iowa!!

Remember as you scout the animation, the hot spot is stationary and the North American plate is moving westward!!!

Today Yellowstone National Park sits directly over the hot spot. The volcano is quiet today, only the geysers and hot springs remind united states of america that in that location is a huge volcano under the beautiful scenery. Only 600,000 years ago a huge eruption filled the area with lava flows. After the huge eruption there was a void nether the superlative of the volcano. The weight of the volcano caused the tiptop to come crashing downward forming the big caldera in the park.

Write the answers to the post-obit questions in complete sentences on a piece of paper. Use the page titles located directly under the questions to navigate your way through the lesson to locate the answers. When you have finished the lesson click on the Earth icon and then the next group can brainstorm the lesson.

1. What is a Hot Spot?

2. How does and hot spot form?

iii. How does a caldera class?

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Source: https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hot-spot-volcanoes-hawaii-and-yellowstone-lesson-9

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